Tumores de parótida en población pediátrica: 10 años de experiencia / PAROTID TUMORS IN PEDIATRIC POPULATION: 10 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Introducción: Los tumores de las glándulas salivales son infrecuentes en la población en general y comprenden menos del 3% de los tumores de cabeza y cuello1 . En pediatría el 90% corresponden a tumores de la glándula parótida,2 siendo en su mayoría tumores benignos. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de tumores parotídeos en un centro de referencia, haciendo hincapié en la variabilidad etiológica y la presentación por grupos etarios. Materiales y métodos: Se trata de un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de pacientes menores de 18 años con tumores de parótida en un periodo de 10 años: de 2011 a 2021, seguidos en el Servicio de Cirugía General Pediátrica del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes pediátricos que presentaron tumor en la región parotídea seguidos o tratados en este centro, se excluyeron aquellos que no se pudieron recabar los datos de forma completa. Las variables analizadas fueron edad, sexo, forma de presentación, estudios complementarios, tipo de tratamiento, histología, complicaciones. Resultados: Se analizaron un total de 33 pacientes, de estos un 64% (N = 21) fueron mujeres, con una relación mujer/hombre de 1,7. La media de edad al diagnóstico fue de 8.5 años, siendo 2 de diagnóstico prenatal y hasta los 18 años. La localización fue en un 57% (N = 19) izquierda, el 43% restante derecha. La forma de presentación más frecuente fue la masa palpable en región parotídea 75% (N=25), en dos pacientes fue un hallazgo en estudios por imágenes: resonancia prenatal y otro por resonancia de cerebro. Conclusiones: en pediatría, a diferencia de la población adulta, se presentan una gran variedad de diagnósticos, que incluye desde lesiones vasculares hasta tumores malignos. Debido a que las lesiones parotídeas malignas son clínicamente indistinguibles de las benignas, es importante establecer un diagnóstico preciso. Esta serie representa esta diversidad etiológica en pediatría, así como la distribución etaria comparada con la descrita por la literatura

Introduction: Salivary gland tumors are rare in the general population and comprise less than 3% of head and neck tumors1. In pediatrics, 90% correspond to tumors of the parotid gland,2 being mostly benign tumors. Objective: To describe the incidence of parotid tumors in a reference center, emphasizing the etiological variability and the presentation by age groups. Materials and methods: Tis is a retrospective cohort study of patients under 18 years of age with parotid tumors over a period of 10 years: from 2011 to 2021, followed up at the Pediatric General Surgery Service of the Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires. All pediatric patients who presented tumor in the parotid region followed up or treated in this center were included, those who could not collect the data completely were excluded. Te variables analyzed were age, sex, form of presentation, complementary studies, type of treatment, histology, and complications. Results: A total of 33 patients were analyzed, of which 64% (N = 21) were women, with a female/male ratio of 1.7. Te mean age at diagnosis was 8.5 years, with 2 prenatal diagnoses and up to 18 years. Te location was 57% (N = 19) left, the remaining 43% right. Te most frequent form of presentation was a palpable mass in the parotid region 75% (N=25), in two patients it was a finding in imaging studies: prenatal MRI and another by brain MRI. Conclusions: in pediatrics, unlike the adult population, a wide variety of diagnoses are presented, ranging from vascular lesions to malignant tumors. Because malignant parotid lesions are clinically indistinguishable from benign ones, it is important to establish an accurate diagnosis. Tis series represents this etiological diversity in pediatrics, as well as the age distribution compared to that described in the literature

Carcinoma de células acinares de parótida: reporte de un caso y revisión de literatura / Acinic cell carcinoma of parotid: A case report and review of literature

Resumen Los tumores malignos de glándulas salivales (TMGS) constituyen un grupo infrecuente de cánceres de una gran variedad histológica. Dentro de las neoplasias de estirpe epitelial encontramos al carcinoma de células acinares (CCA), que representa entre un 6%-10% de todos los TMGS. No posee patrones clínicos ni radiológicos específicos, pero comparte características comunes con otros TMGS que serán discutidas a lo largo del reporte. Cabe destacar que en términos generales es un cáncer de bajo grado y poco recidivante, por lo que un tratamiento oportuno y un seguimiento estricto mejoran el pronóstico para este tipo de pacientes. Su diagnóstico se establece con evidencia histopatológica que confirme la presencia de diferenciación epitelial de tipo acinar. El tratamiento consiste en la exéresis tumoral con márgenes libres por parotidectomía suprafacial o total, asociado a vaciamiento cervical si se detecta compromiso nodal. Adicionalmente, se debe sugerir terapia adyuvante ante la presencia de un factor de mal pronóstico. Se presenta un caso y se realiza revisión de literatura.

Abstract Malignant salivary gland tumors (TMGS) constitute an infrequent group of cancers of a wide histological variety. Within the epithelial lineage neoplasms, we find acinar cell carcinoma that represent between 6%-10% of all TMGS. It does not have specific clinical or radiological patterns, but it shares common characteristics with other TMGS that will be discussed throughout the report. It should be noted that in general terms it is a low-grade cancer with low recurrence rates, so timely treatment and strict follow-up improve the prognosis for this type of patient. Its diagnosis is established with histopathological evidence that confirms the presence of acinar-type epithelial differentiation. Treatment consists of tumor excision with free margins by suprafacial or total parotidectomy, associated with cervical lymph node dissection if nodal locoregional metastasis is detected. Additionally, adjuvant therapy should be suggested in the presence of a poor prognostic factor. A case is presented and a literature review is carried out.

Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotropin secretion by a parotid carcinoma

SUMMARY We report a rare case of Cushing's syndrome in a 37-year-old female who initially presented with localized acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. In January 2014, she underwent a right parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation and adjuvant radiotherapy. In August 2018, she presented a histologically-proven local regional relapse. The patient was considered for salvage surgery with facial nerve sacrifice and remained with no evidence of disease. One year later the patient developed pulmonary dissemination and started to gain weight and developed facial plethora and acne on the face and upper trunk. In a physical examination, the patient presented moon face, buffalo hump, acne and stage 2 hypertension. Biochemical evaluation confirmed ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. IHC for ACTH in the lung biopsy revealed strong positive staining for ACTH confirming a diagnosis of ectopic ACTH secretion by a metastatic parotid acinic cell carcinoma. Ketoconazole (600 mg/d) was started to treat the CS. In addition, as chemotherapy was initiated to treat the metastatic disease. After the fifth cycle of chemotherapy, ketoconazole was suspended and the patient remained in remission of CS for four months, when CS recurred. A unique feature of this case is related to the clinical CS relapse associated with disease progression, which needed prompt treatment with ketoconazole, resulting in a significant improvement in the patient's condition. Although rare, should be attentive for possible CS features in patients with high-grade salivary gland carcinomas, since the diagnosis of ectopic secretion of ACTH may significantly impact their management and outcomes.

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the parotid gland: a rare sub-variant of salivary gland adenocarcinoma

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the salivary gland is a very rare malignant neoplasm accounting for only 2% of all salivary gland lesions. In 1991 it was first included as a separate entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of salivary gland tumors and in 2017 WHO Classification, the tumor was clubbed as a sub-variant of adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified. It most commonly occurs in the major salivary glands. Herein we report a case of salivary papillary cystadenocarcinoma in a 54-year-old female, who presented with rapid enlargement of the right parotid swelling. Based on radiology and fine-needle aspiration cytology, a working diagnosis of the malignant tumor involving the superficial lobe of the right parotid gland was made. In view of the malignant nature of the swelling, superficial parotidectomy was done. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the right parotid. With the revised 2017 WHO classification of salivary gland tumors, it is important to report all rare subtypes in order to understand their biology and behavior.

Clinicopathologic analysis of micro and mini parotid gland tumors / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of micro and mini parotid gland tumors and to provide reference for their clinical diagnosis and treatment.@*METHODS@#Patients with parotid gland tumors treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from December 2012 to April 2020 were selected. Relevant clinical data of the patients with tumor diameter ≤20 mm detected by preoperative CT were collected to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of micro and mini parotid gland tumors. And the collected data were divided into two groups with diameter 11-20 mm and diameter ≤10 mm according to tumor diameter measured by preoperative CT. The clinicopathological differences between the two groups were statistically analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 2 067 patients with primary epithelial parotid gland tumors were collected, and 685 patients with tumor diameter ≤20 mm were examined by CT, accounting for 33.1%. The ratio of male to female patients with micro and mini parotid gland tumors was 1 ∶1.93, the average age was (45.3±13.8) years (12-83 years), and the median course of disease was 12 months (1 week to 30 years). Among them, 635 cases (92.7%) were benign tumors, 50 cases (7.3%) were malignant tumors, and the ratio of benign to malignant was 12.7 ∶1. The most common benign tumor was pleomorphic adenoma, and the most common malignant tumor was mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The micro and mini parotid gland tumors were divided into 11-20 mm group (n=611) and ≤10 mm group (n=74), the clinical characteristics comparison of the two groups of gender ratio, average age, course of di-sease had no statistical difference (P>0.05). In the 11-20 mm diameter group, the percentage of benign and malignant tumor was 92.8% (567/611) and 7.2% (44/611) respectively, and the ratio of benign to malignant tumors was 12.9 ∶1. In the ≤10 mm diameter group, the percentage of benign and malignant tumor was 91.9% (68/74) and 8.1% (6/74) respectively, and the ratio of benign to malignant tumors was 11.3 ∶1. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Fifty patients with malignant tumor were followed up for the median follow-up period of 39.5 months (1-91 months). Local recurrence occurred in 2 patients with one death. The overall 2-year survival rate was 93.7% and the 5-year survival rate was 89.3%.@*CONCLUSION@#The majority of micro and mini parotid gland tumors was benign lesion. There was a good prognosis for micro and mini parotid gland carcinoma. Early surgical treatment was recommended for micro and mini parotid gland tumors.

Better outcome for parotid versus neck metastasis of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a new report on reemerging data / Melhor desfecho para metástase da parótida vs. cervical de carcinoma espinocelular cutâneo de cabeça e pescoço: um novo informe sobre dados reemergentes

Abstract Introduction Regional metastases of cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma occur in approximately 5 % of cases, being the most important prognostic factor in survival, currently with no distinction between parotid and neck metastasis. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic features among patients with head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma exhibiting regional metastasis. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma who underwent parotidectomy and/or neck dissection from 2011 to 2018 at a single institution tertiary center was performed. Patient demographics, clinical, surgical and pathological information, adjuvant treatments, and outcome at last follow-up were collected. Outcomes included disease recurrence and death due to the disease. Prognostic value of clinic pathological features associated with disease-specific survival was obtained. Results Thirty-eight cases of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with parotid and/or neck metastasis were identified. Overall, 18 (47.3 %) patients showed parotid metastasis alone, 12 (31.5 %) exhibited neck metastasis alone and 8 (21.0 %) had both. A primary tumor in the parotid zone (Hazard Ratio ‒ HR = 5.53; p = 0.02) was associated with improved disease-specific survival. Poorer disease-specific survival was observed in patients with higher primary tumor diameter (HR = 1.54; p = 0.002), higher depth of invasion (HR = 2.89; p = 0.02), invasion beyond the subcutaneous fat (HR = 5.05; p = 0.002), neck metastasis at first presentation (HR = 8.74; p < 0.001), number of positive lymph nodes (HR = 1.25; p = 0.004), and higher TNM stages (HR = 7.13; p = 0.009). Patients presenting with isolated parotid metastasis during all follow-ups had better disease-specific survival than those with neck metastasis or both (HR = 3.12; p = 0.02). Conclusion Head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with parotid lymph node metastasis demonstrated better outcomes than cases with neck metastasis.

Resumo Introdução As metástases regionais do carcinoma espinocelular cutâneo de cabeça e pescoço ocorrem em aproximadamente 5% dos casos, sendo esse o fator prognóstico mais importante na sobrevida, atualmente sem distinção entre metástases de parótida e cervicais. Objetivo Avaliar as características prognósticas em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular cutâneo de cabeça e pescoço com metástase regional. Método Foi feita uma análise retrospectiva de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular cutâneo submetidos à parotidectomia e/ou esvaziamento cervical entre 2011 e 2018 em um único centro terciário de uma única instituição. Dados demográficos dos pacientes, informações clínicas, cirúrgicas e patológicas, tratamentos adjuvantes e desfechos no último acompanhamento foram coletados. Os desfechos incluíram recorrência e morte devido à doença. O valor prognóstico das características clínico-patológicas associadas à sobrevida específica da doença foi obtido. Resultados Foram identificados 38 casos de carcinoma espinocelular cutâneo de cabeça e pescoço com metástase de parótida e/ou pescoço. No geral, 18 (47,3%) pacientes apresentaram metástase da parótida isolada, 12 (31,5%) apresentaram metástase cervical isolada e 8 (21,0%) apresentaram ambos. Um tumor primário na região da parótida (Hazard ratio [HR] = 5,53; p = 0,02) foi associado a melhor sobrevida específica. Pior sobrevida específica foi observada em pacientes com maior diâmetro do tumor primário (HR = 1,54; p = 0,002), maior profundidade de invasão (HR = 2,89; p = 0,02), invasão além da gordura subcutânea (HR = 5,05; p = 0,002), metástase cervical na primeira apresentação (HR = 8,74; p < 0,001), conforme maior número de linfonodos positivos (HR = 1,25; p = 0,004) e estágios TNM mais elevados (HR = 7,13; p = 0,009). Os pacientes que apresentaram metástase da parótida isolada durante todo o acompanhamento apresentaram melhor sobrevida específica do que aqueles com metástase cervical ou ambos (HR = 3,12; p = 0,02). Conclusão Os casos de carcinoma espinocelular cutâneo de cabeça e pescoço com metástase intraparotídea demonstraram melhores desfechos do que aqueles com metástase cervical.

Aggressive parotid gland and neck metastasis caused by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp: a case report / Metástasis agresiva de glándula parótida y cuello causada por carcinoma cutáneo de células escamosas decuero cabelludo: reporte de un caso

Introduction: The head and neck are frequent sites for the development of cutaneous cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC), one of the more frequent malignant non-melanoma skin neoplasms in Chile (436 per 100,000 inhabitants). Between 5-10% skin SCC progresses aggressively generating metastasis to parotid and cervical lymph nodes. Case Report: A 82 years old male, presents painful increased volume lesion in the mandibular area. He has a history of chronic arterial hypertension, acute renal failure, SCC of the scalp, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic sun exposure and smoking. Extraoral examination showed a 4 cm lesion in the posterior third of the mandibular branch, with undefined edges, a firm consistency and painful on palpation. Intraorally, erythematous mucosa is observed, as well as lack of lubrication, tenderness and cortical bone expansion. Incisional biopsy is performed, imaging and histological exams are requested. The results indicate the presence of SCC, and therefore referral to secondary care. Many risk factors are associated with SCC development, with ultraviolet radiation the most relevant in this case, favoring its appearance on the scalp. The probability of metastasis is low, but when it happens, the majority of cases that started in the scalp, disseminate to the parotid and cervical region. Conclusion: The SCC has a good prognosis. However, there are antecedents, such as size and location, that must alert the professional to perform the monitoring, early screening, control of metastatic nodes in maxillofacial area.

Introducción: La cabeza y el cuello son sitios frecuentes de desarrollo de cáncer cutáneo y el carcinoma epidermoide de piel (CEC) es una de las neoplasias malignas sin melanoma más frecuentes en Chile (436 por 100.000 habitantes). Entre el 5% y el 10% del CCE cutáneo progresa de forma agresiva y genera metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos parótidos y cervicales. Reporte de Caso: Varón de 82 años, presenta lesión dolorosa de aumento de volumen en zona mandibular. Tiene antecedentes de hipertensión arterial crónica, insuficiencia renal aguda, CCE del cuero cabelludo, tuberculosis extrapulmonar, exposición crónica al sol y tabaquismo. El examen extraoral mostró una lesión de 4 cm en el tercio posterior de la rama mandibular, con bordes indefinidos, consistencia firme y dolorosa a la palpación. Intraoralmente se observa mucosa eritematosa, así como falta de lubricación, dolor a la palpación y expansión del hueso cortical. Se realiza biopsia incisional, se solicitan exámenes de imagen e histológicos. Los resultados indican la presencia de CCE y, por tanto, derivación a atención secundaria. Son muchos los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de CEC, siendo la radiación ultravioleta la más relevante en este caso, favoreciendo su aparición en el cuero cabelludo. La probabilidad de metástasis es baja, pero cuando ocurre, la mayoría de los casos que comenzaron en el cuero cabelludo se diseminan a la región parotídea y cervical. Conclusión: El SCC tiene un buen pronóstico. Sin embargo, existen antecedentes, como tamaño y ubicación, que deben alertar al profesional para realizar el seguimiento, cribado precoz, control de ganglios metastásicos en zona maxilofacial.

Application analysis of a modified retroauricular hairline incision in the resection of a benign parotid gland tumor / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to evaluate the application value of a modified retroauricular hairline incision and a sternocleidomastoid flap with an inferior pedicle in the resection of benign parotid gland tumors.@*METHODS@#Forty-eight patients with benign parotid gland tumors were retrospectively analyzed: 19 cases were included in the experimental group with an improved retroauricular hairline incision and a sternocleidomastoid flap with an inferior pedicle, and 29 cases were assigned in the control group with a modified facelift incision. Operation time, postoperative drainage, postoperative esthetic degree, and incidence of facial nerve paralysis, salivary fistula, and Frey's syndrome were compared.@*RESULTS@#After the esthetic procedure, the average score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, and the esthetic effect of the former was better than that of the latter (@*CONCLUSIONS@#The modified retroauricular hairline incision and sternocleidomastoid flap with an inferior pedicle can be applied to resect benign parotid gland tumors safely. It shows a better cosmetic effect and does not cause obvious postoperative complications. Therefore, it should be promoted for tumor treatments.

Simultaneous bilateral distinct parotid tumors: a case report / 华西口腔医学杂志

Parotid gland tumors are usually solitary tumors, and multiple tumors of the parotid gland are extremely rare. We present a highly unusual case of bilateral and simultaneous pleomorphic adenoma and basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland. We review the literature and discuss the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of these two rare tumors.

Is serum bilirubin level a predictor factor in parotid gland carcinoma? / O nível sérico de bilirrubina é um fator preditivo no carcinoma da glândula parótida?

Abstract Introduction: Bilirubin levels have been associated with risk of several malignancies. The association between pretreatment serum bilirubin levels and overall survival of patients with parotid gland carcinoma is unclear. Objectives: In this study, we assessed the effect of serum bilirubin levels to overall survival in malignant parotid tumors. Methods: This study included a total of 35 patients, 15 female and 20 male. The mean age of these patients was 60.7 ± 14.5 years. All patients who were diagnosed with parotid gland carcinoma and underwent total parotidectomy between 2008 and 2018, were retrospectively assessed. The relationship between the overall survival of patients and total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin levels was estimated. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-off points. Results: Patients with low direct bilirubin, total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin had significantly longer overall survival than those with high levels. Cut-off values for total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were detected as 0.545 mg/dL, 0.175 mg/dL and 0.435 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusion: In our study, we observed that increased preoperative bilirubin levels are associated with reduced survival time in the postoperative period of patients with parotid gland carcinoma.

Resumo Introdução: Os níveis de bilirrubina têm sido associados ao risco de várias lesões malignas. A associação entre os níveis séricos de bilirrubina pré-tratamento e a sobrevida global dos pacientes com carcinoma da glândula parótida ainda não é clara. Objetivos: Neste estudo, avaliamos o efeito dos níveis séricos de bilirrubina na sobrevida global em tumores malignos de parótida. Método: Este estudo avaliou 35 pacientes, 15 do sexo feminino e 20 do masculino. A média de idade foi de 60,7 ± 14,5 anos. Pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma da glândula parótida e submetidos a parotidectomia total entre 2008 e 2018 foram avaliados retrospectivamente. A relação entre a sobrevida global dos pacientes e os níveis de bilirrubina total, bilirrubina direta e bilirrubina indireta foi estimada. A análise da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic foi realizada para determinar os pontos de corte ideais. Resultados: Pacientes com níveis mais baixos de bilirrubina direta, bilirrubina indireta e bilirrubina total tiveram sobrevida global significantemente maior do que aqueles com valores mais altos. Valores de corte para bilirrubina total, bilirrubina direta e bilirrubina indireta foram estabelecidos como 0,545 mg/dL, 0,175 mg/dL e 0,435 mg/dL, respectivamente. Conclusão: Em nosso estudo, verificamos que níveis de bilirrubina aumentados no pré-operatório estão associados à redução do tempo de sobrevida no período pós-operatório em pacientes com carcinoma da glândula parótida.

Increased neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and platelet lymphocyte ratio in malignant parotid tumors / Relação neutrófilo-linfócito aumentada e relação plaqueta-linfócito em tumores malignos da parótida

Abstract Introduction Recently it has been reported that a high preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio may be related to increased recurrence risk, tumor aggressiveness, and worsened prognosis in various malignancies. Objective The objective of this research is to explore whether neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in parotid tumors may or may not be used as a cancer marker. Methods This retrospective research has been conducted on a total of 228 patients consisting of 83 healthy persons and 145 patients with a mass in the parotid gland, who applied to a tertiary referral center and underwent surgery. Patients have been divided into two groups by their histopathological findings as malignant or benign parotid tumor. A third group consisting of healthy people has been defined as the control group. Also the malignant parotid tumor group has been divided into two subgroups as early stage and advanced stage. The groups have been compared in terms of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio and other laboratory data. Results The average neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio values of malignant parotid tumor, benign parotid tumor, healthy control groups were 2.51, 2.01, 1.79 respectively and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between advanced stage and early stage parotid tumor groups in terms of average neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio value (p = 0.782). In dual comparisons, the platelet-lymphocyte ratio value of patients in the malignant group was found out to be statistically significantly higher than that of benign and control groups (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge our research is the first in the medical literature comparing neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in patients with parotid tumor. neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio can serve as cost-effective, repeatable, easily accessible, and helpful inflammatory markers in order to distinguish patients with malignant parotid tumor from healthy people.

Resumo Introdução Recentemente, tem sido relatado que as relações neutrófilo-linfócito e plaqueta-linfócito aumentadas no pré-operatório podem estar relacionadas ao aumento do risco de recorrência e agressividade do tumor e pior prognóstico em várias neoplasias malignas. Objetivo Investigar se as relações neutrófilo-linfócito e plaqueta-linfócito em tumores da parótida podem ou não serem utilizadas como marcadores de câncer. Método Esta pesquisa retrospectiva foi conduzida com 228 indivíduos, 83 saudáveis e 145 com tumor de parótida, os quais foram encaminhados a um centro de referência terciária e operados. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os achados histopatológicos de malignidade e benignidade. O terceiro grupo foi composto por indivíduos saudáveis, foi definido como o grupo controle. Além disso, o grupo com tumores malignos da parótida foi dividido em dois subgrupos, um com pacientes em estágio inicial da doença e o outro com pacientes em estágio avançado. Os grupos foram comparados em termos das relações neutrófilo-linfócito e plaqueta-linfócito e outros dados laboratoriais. Resultados Os valores médios da relação neutrófilo-linfócito do tumor maligno de parótida, do tumor benigno de parótida e do grupo controle foram de 2,51, 2,01 e 1,79, respectivamente, com uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em estágio avançado e em estágio inicial em termos de valor médio da relação neutrófilo-linfócito (p = 0,782). Em comparações duplas, o valor da relação plaqueta-linfócito dos pacientes do grupo do grupo com tumor maligno foi estatisticamente maior do que nos grupos com tumor benigno e controle (p < 0,001 e p = 0,001, respectivamente). Conclusão Que seja de nosso conhecimento, nosso estudo é o primeiro na literatura médica a comparar a relação neutrófilo-linfócito e a relação plaqueta-linfócito em pacientes com tumor de parótida. As relações neutrófilo-linfócito e plaqueta-linfócito podem servir como marcadores inflamatórios de baixo custo, reproduzíveis, de fácil acesso e úteis, a fim de distinguir os pacientes com tumor maligno de parótida de pessoas saudáveis.

Expresión de Ki67 y MUC-1 en el adenocarcinoma no especificado de otra manera (NOS) de glándulas salivales: su valor pronóstico / Ki67 and MUC-1 expression in adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS) of salivary glands: prognostic value

El adenocarcinoma NOS (no especificado de otra manera) es un tumor salival sin patrón especial poco mencionado en la literatura; su diagnóstico es un desafío porque estructuralmente no se identifica con otros carcinomas salivales más definidos. Por otro lado, Ki67 es un marcador de proliferación celular que brinda información pronóstica de las neoplasias. En cuanto a la mucina humana transmembrana MUC-1 se sobre-expresa en las neoplasias malignas perdiendo su localización exclusivamente apical. Presentamos dos casos de adenocarcinoma NOS diagnosticados con H/E y correlacionamos la expresión de Ki67 y la localización y sobreexpresión de MUC-1 con su grado histológico y pronóstico. Cortes histológicos de dos adenocarcinomas NOS de parótida en mujeres de 62 y 63 años respectivamente se colorearon con H/E e inmunomarcaron para Ki67 y MUC-1. En ambos tumores predominaban estructuras ductales, algunas quísticas, cordones celulares ramificados e islotes sólidos. Las formaciones glandulares presentaban células claras y algunas de aspecto oncocítico. Había importante atipia celular, comedonecrosis, invasión perineural, áreas hemorrágicas y compromiso de los márgenes quirúrgicos. La marcación nuclear con Ki67 fue importante; MUC-1 presentó una fuerte coloración en membranas y citoplasmas. Las dos lesiones se diagnosticaron como de alto grado de malignidad. Nuestros resultados demuestran que existe una importante proliferación marcada con Ki67 y una sobre-expresión de MUC-1 asociadas a atipia celular, infiltración perineural, necrosis y compromiso de márgenes quirúrgicos, factores asociados a un peor pronóstico. El reconocimiento de este tumor es trascendente para médicos y odontólogos ya que por la ausencia de rasgos distintivos que sí presentan otros carcinomas más específicos es fundamental el diagnóstico de exclusión.

Adenocarcinoma NOS (not otherwise specified) is a no special pattern salivary tumor briefly mentioned in the literature; its diagnosis is a challenge because structurally it is not identified with other more definite salivary carcinomas. On the other hand, Ki67 is a marker of cellular proliferation that provides prognostic information of neoplasms. As for human transmembrane mucin, MUC-1 is overexpressed in malignant neoplasms, losing their exclusively apical location. We present two cases of adenocarcinoma NOS diagnosed with H/E and correlate the expression of Ki67 and the location and over-expression of MUC-1 with its histological grade and prognosis. Histological sections of two NOS adenocarcinomas of parotid in women of 62 and 63 ages respectively were stained with H/E and immunolabelled for Ki67 and MUC-1. Both are predominated by ductal structures, some cystic, branched cell cords and solid islets. The glandular formations presented clear cells and some of oncocytic appearance. There was important cellular atypia, comedonecrosis, perineural growth, haemorrhagic areas and compromise of surgical margins. Nuclear marking with Ki67 was important; MUC-1 presented a strong staining in membranes and cytoplasms. They were diagnosed as high-grade malignancy. Our results show that there is an important proliferation marked with Ki67 and overexpression of MUC-1 associated with cellular atypia, perineural growth, necrosis and compromise of surgical margins, factorsassociated with a poor prognosis. The recognition of this tumor is transcendent for physicians and dentists since, due to the absence of distinctive features that other more specific carcinomas present, the diagnosis of exclusion is essential.

Clinical application of midpiece facial nerve dissection in regional parotidectomy / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To propose and evaluate the clinical effect of midpiece facial nerve dissection through transparotid approach in regional parotidectomy.@*METHODS@#A total of 136 patients with benign parotid tumors were categorized into three groups according to the way of facial nerve dissection: anterograde dissection from main trunk (anterograde, n=70), retrograde dissection from distal branches (retrograde, n=34), and midpiece dissection through transparotid approach (middle dissection, n=32). Surgery duration, facial nerve injury, salivary fistula, earlobe sensation, Frey's syndrome, and aesthetic evaluation were compared.@*RESULTS@#The surgery duration in the middle dissection group was significantly shorter than that in the other two groups. The proportion of salivary fistula was higher in the anterograde group (9 cases, 12.9%; P<0.05) compared with that in the other groups. Postoperative facial nerve injury was similar between the middle dissection (1 case, 3.1%) and anterograde groups (3 cases, 4.3%) with lower injury rate compared with the retrograde group (7 cases, 20.6%). The anterograde group had more cases of hypoesthesia of the earlobe (12 cases, 17.1%; P<0.05) than the other two groups. Aesthetic score was higher in the anterograde and middle dissection groups compared with that in the retrograde group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Midpiece facial nerve dissection is technically feasible and clinically viable in regional parotidectomy.

Parotid CT imaging reporting and data system: A preliminary study / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To establish a Parotid Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) for CT diagnosis of the parotid gland neoplasms and to investigate the clinical applicable value and feasibility of PI-RADS.@*METHODS@#Patients who had been diagnosed with primary parotid gland neoplasms and had received surgical treatments in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology during the period of January 2013 to December 2016 were included in this study. The diagnoses were confirmed by the postoperative pathological examinations in all the patients. The CT imaging data of all patients were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed by two readers in consensus. Imaging characteristics related to the parotid neoplasms were extracted and quantified. Based on comprehensive analysis of the imaging characteristics, the probabilities of the benign and malignant neoplasms were evaluated and classified into six grades, PI-RADS 1-6 (PI-RADS 1: normal parotid gland; PI-RADS 2: confidently benign lesions; PI-RADS 3: probably benign lesions without confirmed evidence of malignancy; PI-RADS 4: suspected malignancy without sufficient evidence of malignancy; PI-RADS 5: confidently malignant lesions; PI-RADS 6: lesions with confirmed pathological evidence of malignancy).@*RESULTS@#A total of 897 patients with 1 003 parotid lesions were included. The lesions included 905 benign and 98 malignant lesions. The proportions of the malignancies in PI-RADS 2, PI-RADS 3, PI-RADS 4 and PI-RADS 5 according to the two readers in consensus were 0.4%, 5.7%, 35.5% and 96.7% respectively. The overall Cohen's Kappa test showed medium consistency between the two independent researchers (κ=0.614, P<0.001, 95%CI: 0.569-0.695). Pearson Chi-square test showed that the proportions of malignancies increased with the diagnostic PI-RADS grades (Cochran-Armitage trend test, Z=-15.579, P<0.001). The results of Pearson Chi-square tests showed significant differences between the grades [PI-RADS 2 and 3 (χ²=12.048, P=0.001); PI-RADS 3 and 4 (χ²=75.231, P<0.001); PI-RADS 4 and 5 (χ²=32.266, P<0.001)].@*CONCLUSION@#PI-RADS can be used to evaluate the risk of malignancy and will be helpful to improve the imaging diagnosis and clinical treatment of parotid gland neoplasms.

Warthin-like mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland: a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor. Although the parotid gland is the most common site of involvement, other major salivary glands and the minor salivary glands­most commonly of the palate­also can be involved. The management of mucoepidermoid carcinoma depends on the grade of the tumor and the adequacy of resection. We present the case of a 56-year-old female presenting a painless progressive cheek mass over 2 months. Imaging and fine-needle aspiration cytology provided the diagnosis of Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. A superficial parotidectomy was done, and the histopathology revealed a predominantly cystic tumor with a bilayered epithelium of oncocytic and basal cells. Moderate nuclear pleomorphism with infiltration of atypical squamous cells in few glandular cysts was seen. Special staining revealed the presence of intracellular mucin. A diagnosis of Warthin-like variant of MEC was made, based on these findings. After the surgical procedures, the patient is disease-free at 8 months of follow-up. The Warthin-like variant is a rare variant of MEC with fewer than 10 cases described in the English literature. Various differential diagnoses include the malignant transformation of Wartin tumor (WT), squamous metaplasia of WT, and metastasis from a distant primary. We emphasize the role of routine microscopy in identifying rare variants of common malignancies. Even though translocation studies are helpful in diagnosis, the typical histopathological findings should confirm it.

Consideração sobre os aspectos histopatológicos do adenoma pleomórfico em glândula parótida: relato de caso / Consideration upon histopathological aspects of pheomorphic adenoma in parotid gland: study case

Introdução: o adenoma pleomórfico é a neoplasia salivar mais comum. É observado um aumento de volume, indolor, fixo, de crescimento lento e firme à palpação. Objetivo: relatar um caso clínico em paciente do gênero masculino, 53 anos de idade, com queixa de aumento de volume no lado direito da face, além de sintomatologia dolorosa. Metodologia: o paciente foi submetido à biopsia excisional, com resultado anatomopatológico de adenoma pleomórfico e estudo imuno-histoquímico que demonstrou expressão positiva para citoqueratinas, proteína S-100, proteína p63 e calponina. Conclusão: após dois anos de proservação, o paciente não apresentou recidiva.

Introduction: pleomorphic adenoma is the most common salivary neoplasia. A painless, steady, slow-growing, firmly growing swelling is seen on palpation. Objective: To report a case of a fifty-three (53) year-old male patient complaining of swelling on the right side of the face, in addition to painful symptoms. Methodology: the patient underwent excisional biopsy, with anatomopathological result of pleomorphic adenoma and immunohistochemical study that showed positive expression for cytokeratins, protein S-100, protein p63 and calponine. Conclusion: After two years of proservation, the patient did not relapse.

Surgical treatment strategy in Warthin tumor of the parotid gland / Estratégia de tratamento cirúrgico no tumor de Warthin de glândula parótida

Abstract Introduction: Warthin tumors are the second most common benign tumors of the parotid gland. We examined the clinical features of Warthin tumors in our hospital, and analyzed the consistency within the literatures. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical features of Warthin tumors in our 10-year experience of 118 Warthin tumors undergoing surgery at a single institute. Methods: From December 2006 to December 2016, 110 patients who underwent surgical treatment for Warthin tumors were identified based on their medical records. Results: A total of 118 parotid gland operations were performed in 110 patients. Almost 90% of Warthin tumors were found in males, and average patient age was 66.1 ± 6.1 years. The prevalence of smoking history was 89.1% (98/110). Eight patients (7.3%) had bilateral Warthin tumors. Seventy-seven lesions (65.3%) were located in the parotid tail portion, followed by 34 lesions in the superficial lobe (28.8%) and 7 lesions in the deep lobe (5.9%). Conclusion: We determined the appropriate extent of surgery depending on the fine needle aspiration cytology and tumor location by computed tomography scans. Partial facial dysfunction after the operation was detected in 12 cases, and facial nerve function recovered within 3 months. Only one patient experienced a recurrence, and was disease free after the re-operation. We suggest that our treatment algorithm, depending on the location of tumors and the result of fine needle aspiration cytology, can be useful to determine the appropriate extent of surgery for Warthin tumors.

Resumo Introdução: Os tumores de Warthin são os segundos tumores benignos mais comuns da glândula parótida. Avaliamos as características clínicas dos tumores de Warthin em nosso hospital e analisamos a consistência com a literatura. Objetivo: Analisar as características clínicas dos tumores de Warthin em nossa experiência de 10 anos de 118 tumores de Warthin submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico em um único instituto. Método: De dezembro de 2006 a dezembro de 2016, 110 pacientes que receberam tratamento cirúrgico para tumores de Warthin foram identificados com base em seus prontuários médicos. Resultados: Foram feitas 118 cirurgias na glândula parótida em 110 pacientes. Quase 90% dos tumores de Warthin foram encontrados em homens e a média da idade dos pacientes foi de 66,1 ± 6,1 anos. A prevalência de tabagismo foi de 89,1% (98/110). Oito pacientes (7,3%) tinham tumores de Warthin bilaterais na glândula parótida. Das lesões, 77 (65,3%) localizavam-se na porção da cauda da parótida, seguidas por 34 no lobo superficial (28,8%) e 7 no lobo profundo (5,9%). Conclusão: Determinamos a extensão apropriada da cirurgia de acordo com a punção aspirativa com agulha fina e localização do tumor por tomografia computadorizada. Disfunção facial parcial após a cirurgia foi detectada em 12 casos e a função do nervo facial foi recuperada em 3 meses. Apenas um paciente apresentou recidiva e ficou livre da doença após reoperação. Sugerimos que nosso algoritmo de tratamento, a depender da localização dos tumores e do resultado da PAAF, pode ser útil para determinar a extensão apropriada da cirurgia para os tumores de Warthin.